What do you think, how strong is the relationship between the algorithm of actions and the results that can be achieved? The professors of mathematics at Oxford University and the talented photographer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (died 1898) are known and loved by everyone.
Both children and adults.
Because the adults were also children and listened to fairy tales.
But it is the boring university professor of mathematics who is hidden under the pseudonym of Lewis Carroll - the author of Alice's adventures
in the fabulous Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass.
Indicative is the fact that it was a mathematician who wrote an ironic and exaggerated story about irrational perception,
which allows one to look beyond the boundaries of common sense, deliberately distorting reality and expanding the boundaries
of the world of logic and assumptions.
Deviant behavior is a strange, at first glance, unusual behavior of the subject, out of the standard model and illogical in the opinion of the observer.
Deviant actions and actions do not correspond to the norms or standards officially established or actually established in society,
they come into conflict with them and, as a result, meet opposition or rejection. On the other hand, it is deviators who either achieve unprecedented and inaccessible results as quickly as possible for group members
with programmed behavior, finding a recipe for success; or they fail completely, becoming the subject of ridicule and a "walking demotivator".
Professional "shrinks" (psychologists and psychiatrists) have ready-made solutions, typology and classification on this score.
The only thing they don't have is a definition, is it good or bad?
In game theory, deviation has significant benefits.
Poker is a prime example of this.
Any poker pro knows that the optimal strategy for playing in each particular case is the opposite of the one that dominates at the given table.
Tweaking and exploiting obvious flaws sometimes counts as much as skill and discipline.
One of the most respected sociologists in this area, Robert Merton, interprets deviation as a gap between cultural goals and socially
approved ways of achieving them. In this regard, he identifies four possible types of deviation:
- an innovation that presupposes agreement with the goals of society and the denial of generally accepted methods of achieving them
(“innovators” include prostitutes, blackmailers, creators of “financial pyramids”, great scientists); - ritualism associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the importance of ways to achieve them,
for example, a bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully filled out, double checked, filed in four copies, but the main
thing is forgotten - the goal;
retretism (or escape from reality), expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and the methods of achieving them
(drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.);
a rebellion that denies both goals and methods, but strives to replace them with new ones (revolutionaries, anarchists and radical
reformers seeking to revise all social relations).
By deviation (from Lat. Deviatio - deviation) it is customary to understand any deviation of parameters from the norm.
Both positive and vice versa.
Just as a compass needle deviates from the meridian line under the influence of a magnet or a bullet fired begins to shift in flight from the optimal aiming trajectory due to its imperfect shape and minor flaws, so some people behave strangely and sometimes do things that cannot be predicted.
There are many reasons for how and why this happens. Psychologists and sociologists tend to see addictive behavior (addiction - addiction) in the nature of most deviations.
There is even a concept of disorientation (Emile Durkheim), which connects social deviation with crises that cause shocks and dissonance between accepted norms and life experience, as a result of which a state of anomie occurs - the absence of norms. But Robert Merton, already mentioned by us, did not blame the lack of norms, but the impossibility of following them. By anomie he meant the gap between culturally prescribed goals and the availability of socially approved means to achieve them.
The starting point in determining the normality of human behavior is the concept of a social norm, which is perceived as a certain limit or measure of what is permissible (permitted, expected, obligatory) in the behavior and / or activity of people. Such norms, adopted and respected by the absolute majority, ensure the safety and functional integrity of the system of social relations, be it a society, an ethnic group, or just a group of people united by something.
Deviations from social norms can be (and will) of two types:
positive - aimed at development, breaking outdated norms / standards, contributing to qualitative changes in the social system;
negative - dysfunctional, disorganizing the social system and leading it to destruction, leading to deviant behavior.
Positive forms of deviant behavior include:
creative and innovative activity;
perfectionism, general erudition;
successes in education and science, encyclopedic knowledge, rationalism;
records and sporting achievements.
Deviant, deviating from the norm behavior arises as a reaction of the marginalized, those who are at the edges of social groups, to group dynamics, the group value system and the unwillingness to conform and obey it. This social phenomenon is characteristic of such individuals who are rejected by the group as a foreign body, or who themselves do not want to accept the rules of the game and dissolve their individuality in the group, becoming "part of the herd."
Deviant behavior is controlled and returned to normal through the application of sanctions. The application of sanctions is guided by the one whose behavior deviates from the optimum, strongly depends on the scope of the violation of the norms and the degree of severity (danger) of the deviation. Sanctions can be applied to entire countries or blocs (for example, to the Russian Federation for Crimea), groups or individuals.
In any case, when qualities and actions are manifested in mass forms of human activity that formally do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms / standards, the group's reaction is triggered. Such social control is a mechanism of social self-regulation with the help of available and legal means and methods for the offender. They will try to "return the deviant to the stall," applying to him all the available and legal arsenal of actions and measures, and in case of failure, reject him as a lost, alien element.
In ordinary life, it looks like being fired from work, being transferred somewhere far away, breaking social ties, being expelled from the club, bans and restrictions, deleting from the list of friends and confidants, canceling contacts and oblivion.
The ideal world is always far from the real one. Even the trash effects of an individual look like a desire to conform. Standards and social goals are set higher, tougher and more decisively than the situation and rhythm of life require from an ordinary person. Society reacts to challenges in its own way and is always in tune with the era.
The XXI century is a post-industrial information society overloaded with technologies, which imposes consumerism as a basic model of behavior. Deviant manifestations of the present - freaks, subcultures, rejection of the benefits of civilization, deliberate downshifting.
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