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And today we will go with you for impressions in the world of physics. Consider a bit the beauty of nature and its symmetry. As well as symmetry as the main element for the laws of physics.

The geometry of nature

At the very end of the XIX century on the bookstores of Europe appeared another work of the outstanding German naturalist Ernst Haeckel. The book, called "the Beauty of forms in nature", reminded... book of geometry — a common mathematical terms, numerous illustrations, executed by the author, played some complicated right patterns: an exact circle, right triangles, diamonds, squares, ellipses, absolute has created an intricate, perfectly symmetrical design.

Radiolaria. The simplest sea animal

The book was noticed by the whole European scientific world. Ernst Haeckel ventured to check the harmony of beauty of nature by the laws of mathematics. Summing up the work done-were described hundreds of organisms, affecting their geometrically correct structure-the scientist wrote: "the Vast majority of the bodies of nature after careful study, measuring the size and description of their forms allows you to notice a certain mathematical relationship. These relations find expression in the known symmetry between parts of a body and can be reduced to the geometrical basic form...»

Haeckel, however, remained at the level of scientific ideas of his time. In fact, the scientist only stated that" the vast majority of natural bodies " are subject to the laws of mathematical symmetry. However, this book was the impetus for the subsequent search for an answer to an interesting question — why, "building" their designs, nature so often applies the laws of symmetry?

The pattern on the back of the caterpillar. the butterfly Euphorbiaceae hawk

The symmetrical design of the green leaf, with jewelry precision" built " crystals of many minerals, admired the ideal shape of starfish... How much can you give such wonderful examples of truly innumerable variety of forms of symmetry found in nature. But the reasons, the principles that guide nature, symmetrically "building" a lot of his creations, and now still studied only in the most General terms. It is safe to say that now only the main thing is clear — the structure of each natural form is determined by its environment.

Physical tests have shown that if several bodies of various forms are subjected to the same force on all sides, it is best to "cope" with such a pressure body of an ideal spherical shape. But it is a form endowed with, for example, are the simplest living organisms, "balanced" in the bulk of the liquid (the perfect case of uniform distribution of loads), the volvox, some species of radiolarians, other organisms. There is no doubt that nature has chosen the spherical shape not by chance. Creating each of her creations, perfecting it for thousands of years, she "built" it not only beautifully, but also correctly — gave the only true form, ideal in these conditions from the point of view of the engineer.

Butterfly Pestle

It is necessary to change the living conditions a little-nature has to respond to this by another decision. Other types of the same radiolarian, but having a more complex structure of the internal organs, already endowed with a completely different kind of symmetry — multi-axis.

New difficulties in living conditions-and again other types of symmetry. For example, on larger marine organisms are not weighted, like the radiolarians in the water environment has quite different effects. Coelenterates are sessile, sea lilies are near the bottom. And as a result — their bodies are vertically elongated (about the same principle and the trunks of higher plants).

The most difficult impact of the environment has, of course, on organisms leading an active lifestyle. And here begins a real parade of the most diverse nature applied complex forms of symmetry. The symmetry of tens of thousands of complex organisms created by nature, the structure of each of which perfectly meets the requirements of the strictest OTC — living conditions.

Longitudinal sections showing the internal structure of sea urchin lime spikes

Very remarkable and "efficiency" with which nature takes a new decision. It happens that in the process of historical development the change of symmetry forms occurs even within the same type of organisms. So, for example, some echinoderms animals are "built" now easier than they were once: due to the living conditions "not so long ago" they returned to the former, "sitting" lifestyle-and there was a change in the external form. However, some of these types of echinoderms-holoturia-then began to move again. And again "instant" change of symmetry forms.

Bee honeycombs

And yet again we have to repeat-today we know only the most basic principles that guide nature, creating a huge number of symmetrical creations. The exact "details" of this complex and interesting mechanism are still waiting for their new researchers. And who knows, these new, quite unexpected possibilities may open up before the researchers precise knowledge of the laws of nature's beauty?

An example of a Central-symmetrical objects

Symmetry of the laws of nature

We looked at pictures of wildlife, in which you can see some repetition, symmetry. What is symmetry? Usually by this word understand either mirror symmetry when the left side of the subject is a mirror image of the right. Or Central, such as a propeller. In this sense, symmetry refers to the invariance of the object in the reflection mirror or the reflection in the center.

But initially the symmetry in a General sense is called proportionality.

Example of a mirror-symmetric object

Under the proportionality we understand the immutability of not only objects, but also physical phenomena. This will happen not only when the reflection, but also in General with some operation-when you move the installation from one place to another. And also when you change the reference time.

Example of a mirror-symmetric object

To check, say, the mirror symmetry of the phenomenon, you can build an installation with parts and arrangement of parts that are mirror symmetrical with respect to the previous one. The phenomenon is mirror symmetric if both settings produce the same results.

Example of a mirror-asymmetric object

The simplest symmetry is the homogeneity and isotropy (equivalence of all directions) of the space

It means that any physical device-TV, clock, phone - should work the same way in different points of space. There is one condition - the physical conditions of the environment should not change

The same applies to the rotation of the device, if you distract from the gravity, which acts vertically on the surface of the Earth. These remarkable properties of space were used in ancient times. In those days, when the geometry of Euclid was applied in practice. After all, geometry as a practical science makes sense only if the properties of geometric shapes do not change when they are cooked and are the same in all areas of the Earth.

Uniformity of space. Moving the TV from floor to floor does not affect its operation

Measurements have shown that the geometric theorems applied to real physical objects are performed with enormous accuracy for bodies of any size. Has long been known that the scale of the Universe and in close proximity to heavy masses, the geometry is different from Euclidean. But these are very small amendments.

Not only geometric properties, but in General all physical phenomena do not depend on movements and turns.

Isotropy of space. Turning the TV does not affect its operation

So, physical laws must be invariant (unchangeable) with respect to turns and displacements. This requirement facilitates the derivation of physics equations and gives them a more harmonious appearance.

Uniformity of time

The homogeneity of time is another important symmetry. All physical laws are the same whenever they start.

The electrons in the atoms of distant stars move in the same rhythm as on Earth. The frequency of the light they emit is the same, even though the light was emitted billions of years ago.

The laws of nature do not change from the direction of time to the opposite. You can tell me now that it's impossible. If the egg crashed ago it is unlikely to meet. Nevertheless, the molecules can in principle happen to coordinate their movement, the incredible come to pass. In the microcosm of the phenomenon of this kind occur with high probability.

A deep analysis of such facts led physicists to the conclusion that the "reversibility" of time exists not only in mechanics and electrodynamics, where it directly follows from the equations but also in many other phenomena of nature.

The symmetry associated with changes in the direction of time is an approximate symmetry. Its violation is observed in weak decays of some elementary particles-neutral K-mesons. And although these disturbances are very small, they play a very important role in the physics of elementary particles, as they lead to an absolute difference between particles and antiparticles.

Today we have discussed very briefly the topic of symmetry in nature and physical laws.

 Until next time, @r3benok  

   Author's photo of the iPhone 6 S+